Introduction

Statistics form the base of Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR), enabling researchers to draw meaningful conclusions from complex data. While experimental studies like randomised controlled trials minimise bias and ensure valid inferences through variable manipulation and randomisation, observational studies, common in fields like epidemiology, lack such control but can still provide valuable insights with careful design. Minimising biases in observational studies is crucial for robust statistical inferences. It is pertinent to outline common errors in classical observational studies, emphasising the importance of focusing on study types, addressing biases, using checklists, transparent reporting, best practices in statistical methods, and rigorous analysis and interpretation.

Study Design Foundation

Observational studies, such as case-controls, cross-sectional, and cohorts, form the backbone of research. Each design offers unique insights into population dynamics and health outcomes. Therefore, careful planning, from defining research questions to sampling strategies, is essential to ensure robust results. Moreover, attention to detail in study design minimises biases and, consequently, enhances the study’s internal and external validity.

Biases in Observational Studies

One of the primary roles of statistics in HEOR is to control for confounding variables and biases, which can distort study results. Biases, such as selection bias, information bias, and confounding variables, can skew results and mislead interpretations. Therefore, addressing biases early on, through proper study design and statistical analysis, is critical. By understanding and mitigating biases, researchers can ensure the accuracy and reliability of study findings. Consequently, this leads to more trustworthy and valid conclusions.

Transparency and reproducibility

Avoiding Common Pitfalls

Conclusion